• 1 98 In plants SUMOylation has been

  2020-01-23

  

  In plants, SUMOylation has been shown to modulate plant hormone signaling (Lois et al., 2003, Miura et al., 2009, Conti et al., 2014), root stem cell maintenance (Xu et al., 2013), and responses to abiotic and biotic stress (Lois, 2010). Many of the plant biological processes regulated by SUMOylatio

• Ubiquitin activating enzyme activates ubiquitin by a

  2020-01-23

  

  Ubiquitin-activating enzyme activates ubiquitin by a three-step process with ATP as a cofactor (Chen et al., 2011, Haas and Rose, 1982, Haas et al., 1982). We demonstrated that ATP is required for mRFP-Ub–E1 formation under non-reducing conditions (Fig. 2A). A time course of radioactive ATP producti

• br Assessing DUB activity The Ub field has benefited greatly

  2020-01-23

  

  Assessing DUB activity The Ub field has benefited greatly from the past efforts of biochemists and chemical biologists who have reconstituted Ub signals in vitro and generated tools for capturing or measuring DUB activities, many of which can be readily produced or are commercially available (Ekk

• Tailoring pharmacological treatment to the genetic backgroun

  2020-01-23

  

  Tailoring pharmacological treatment to the genetic background of a person can enhance therapeutic response (), increase compliance (), and decrease drug toxicity (, , ). Because cocaine addiction has a strong genetic basis, with the vulnerability to develop an addiction estimated to be as high as 72

• Several large scale clinical studies have set out with the

  2020-01-22

  

  Several large-scale clinical studies have set out with the common goal to further understand the cognitive impact of menopause and hormone therapies taken by women (Gleason et al., 2015, Greendale et al., 2011, Karlamangla et al., 2017, Rapp et al., 2003, Shumaker et al., 2003). Only one human study

• Herbal products may alter the metabolism

  2020-01-22

  

  Herbal products may alter the metabolism of certain drugs and, likewise, the metabolism of components of herbal products may be altered by some drugs, specifically those that affect cytochrome P450 Ac-Endothelin-1 (16-21), human (CYP). These can bring about an alteration of the pharmacokinetics and

• Our approach including the characterization of histone modif

  2020-01-22

  

  Our approach, including the characterization of histone modifications in scarce NK subsets, allowed us to identify super-enhancers, which associate with genes endowing a given cell type with its unique identity (Hnisz et al., 2013). Especially intriguing were SEs with distinct activities in NK subse

• Structure similarity searches were conducted using the

  2020-01-22

  

  Structure similarity searches were conducted using the standalone version of the DALI program with the query structures scanned against a local current version of the PDB that has all chains as separate entries (Holm and Sander, 1995). The structural hits for each query were collected, even if the D

• br Multi subunit RINGs There are RING

  2020-01-22

  

  Multi-subunit RINGs There are RING-type E3s that exist as multi-subunit assemblies (see Fig. 3B). A striking example is the Cullin RING Ligase (CRL) superfamily [35], which exhibits enormous plasticity in substrate specificity. Each CRL subfamily is characterized by a cullin protein (Cul-1, 2, 3,

• Direct coupling between DNA methyltransferase enzymes and po

  2020-01-22

  

  Direct coupling between DNA methyltransferase enzymes and posttranslational modifications on histone proteins has been observed in mammals. For example, DNMT3A recognizes unmodified H3 through an ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain, and its activity is inhibited by methylation of H3 at K4 (Li et al., 201

• br Author Contributions br Acknowledgments br Introduction M

  2020-01-22

  

  Author Contributions Acknowledgments Introduction Many anticancer agents bind covalently to DNA, introduce bulky adducts, and inhibit DNA metabolic processes including repair, replication and transcription.1., 2., 3. Frequently, the first enzymes to encounter DNA adducts are DNA helicases.

• CAA is a carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl

  2020-01-22

  

  CAA is a carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl chloride, forming several different DNA adducts including the cyclic dpp-4 inhibitors adducts 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC), 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA), N2,3-ethenoguanine (εG), and 1,N2-ethenoguanine (1,N2-εG), with the A and C cyclic adducts the most predominant,

• Flavopiridol hydrochloride In our preliminary evaluation of

  2020-01-22

  

  In our preliminary evaluation of this series, we were surprised to discover that Flavopiridol hydrochloride was found to bind CSF-1R in a classical DFG-in binding mode (a). Dramatic conformational differences in the juxtamembrane domain and activation loops are apparent when this DFG-in structure

• Soluble receptors have been shown to be important and common

  2020-01-22

  

  Soluble receptors have been shown to be important and common regulators of many cytokines within the immune system, including IL-1, IL-6, IFNγ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, G-CSF and others (Fernandez-Botran, 1991, Heaney, Golde, 1998). We previously described a novel soluble receptor, sCSF-1R, that to date has o

• Whether a school is private or public

  2020-01-22

  

  Whether a school is private or public may also be an indicator of its quality. In general, private schools have smaller class sizes which may provide a better learning environment. Lindquist and Smith (2013) state that smaller class sizes provide more opportunities for students to interact with prof

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